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A parallel import is a non-counterfeit product imported from another country without the permission of the intellectual property owner. Parallel imports are often referred to as grey product, and are implicated in issues of international trade, and intellectual property.〔(parallel imports // WTO Glossary )〕 Parallel importing is based on concept of exhaustion of intellectual property rights: according to this concept, when the product is first launched on the market in a particular jurisdiction, parallel importation is authorized to all residents in the state in question. Some countries allow this, others do not.〔(What are parallel imports? // International Trademark Association )〕 Parallel importing of pharmaceuticals reduces price of pharmaceuticals by introducing competition; TRIPS agreement in Article 6 states that this practice cannot be challenged under the WTO dispute settlement system and so is effectively a matter of national discretion.〔( Fact sheet: TRIPS and pharmaceutical patents // WTO )〕 The practice of parallel importing is often advocated in the case of software, music, printed texts and electronic products, and occurs for several reasons: # Different versions of a product are produced for sale in different markets. E.g.: Top Gear Magazine (UK Edition) is officially sold in UK and Top Gear Magazine (Australian Edition) is officially sold in Australia. However some unofficial distributors in Australia also sell Top Gear Magazine (UK Edition). # Companies, either the manufacturer or the distributor, set different price points for their products in different markets. Parallel importers ordinarily purchase products in one country at a price (P1) which is cheaper than the price at which they are sold in a second country (P2), import the products into the second country, and sell the products in that country at a price which is usually between P1 and P2. See arbitrage. # Consumers who are able to obtain more competitively priced items, and may be able to avoid local sales taxes, are placed on an even footing with consumers who have less access to overseas sales online.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://www.alia.org.au/advocacy/copyright/your.ques.answered.html )〕dead link} # Some advocacy groups support parallel importing on the grounds of enhancing the free flow of information.〔http://www.alia.org.au/advocacy/copyright/your.ques.answered.html〕 ==International approach== Parallel importing is regulated differently in different jurisdictions; there is no consistency in laws dealing with parallel imports between countries. Neither the Berne Convention nor the Paris Convention explicitly prohibit parallel importation. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「parallel import」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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